Wan Hu

Wan Hu (萬戶 or 萬虎) is a legendary Chinese official described in modern sources as the world's first "astronaut" by having been lifted by rockets into outer space. The crater Wan-Hoo on the far side of the Moon is named after him.^[1]

According to some Chinese sources, "Wan Hu" (萬戶) was a title granted to him by the early Ming dynasty, and his real name was Tao Chengdao (陶成道). As a Ming official he was particularly obsessed with technological innovations, particularly those associated with rockets.^[2]^[3] He is said to have died in 1390.^[4]

The legend of Wan Hu[edit]

Basic story[edit]

The story concerns an imperial Chinese official, referred to as Wan Hu. In order to realize his space dream, he sat on a chair with 47 rockets tied to it, holding a kite in each of his hands, and flying into the sky. But the rockets then exploded, which resulted in the ultimate failure.^[5] There are also variations of this story.

"Wang Tu"[edit]

A precursor of the story of Wan Hu appeared in an article by John Elfreth Watkins, published in the 2 October 1909 issue of Scientific American, which used the name Wang Tu instead of Wan Hu:

"Tradition asserts that the first to sacrifice himself to the problem of flying was Wang Tu, a Chinese mandarin of about 2,000 years B.C. Who, having had constructed a pair of large, parallel and horizontal kites, seated himself in a chair fixed between them while forty-seven attendants each with a candle ignited forty-seven rockets placed beneath the apparatus. But the rocket under the chair exploded, burning the mandarin and so angered the Emperor that he ordered a severe paddling for Wang."^[6]

The possibly farcical text proceeds to describe several other fictional stories of ancient aviators.^[7] A date of 2000 BCE pre-dates the emergence of writing in China by three or four centuries and pre-dates the invention of gunpowder-based rockets in China by about 3,000 years.^[8]

"Wan Hu"[edit]

The legend of "Wan Hu" was widely disseminated by an unreferenced account in Rockets and Jets by American author Herbert S. Zim in 1945.^[9] Another book from the same year, by George Edward Pendray, describes it as an "oft repeated tale of those early days."^[10]

Early in the sixteenth century, Wan decided to take advantage of China's advanced rocket and fireworks technology to launch himself into outer space. He supposedly had a chair built with forty-seven rockets attached. On the day of lift-off, Wan, splendidly attired, climbed into his rocket chair and forty seven servants lit the fuses and then hastily ran for cover. There was a huge explosion. When the smoke cleared, Wan and the chair were gone, and was said never to have been seen again.

While according to Mark Williamson most authorities consider the story apocryphal,^[11] some Chinese scholars believe, after some research and analysis, that: foreigners from several different countries in the west, were unlikely to fabricate a story about ancient Chinese official flying into the sky out of thin air; they may be based on the stories of European missionaries who arrived in China since the late Ming dynasty, and then passed it on by word of mouth. Or, these European and American scholars may also have indirectly relied on records in an ancient Chinese document that has been lost to tell the story of this event in their books.^[12]

Popular culture[edit]

In a 2004 episode of the television series MythBusters, an attempt was made to recreate Wan Hu's flight using materials that would have been available to him. The chair exploded on the launch pad, with the crash test dummy showing what would be severe burns. An attempt was also made using a chair with modern rockets attached; however, the uncontrollable craft proved that there were far too many complications for such a thing to have succeeded. It was determined that small rockets that can be strapped to a chair cannot provide sufficient thrust to effectively lift it, giving the legend the label of myth "busted". The view the crew members had of the first test's performance matched what the legend said; after the smoke from the explosion had cleared, both the dummy and the chair had disappeared, though the dummy and the remains of the chair were found next to the "launch-pad".^{[citation needed]}
In a show about inventions on Chinese Central Television called Tiān Gōng Kāi Wù (天工开物), Wan Hu was said to be able to lift himself by only about a foot (30 cm) using rockets. In most Chinese versions of Wan Hu's story^{[citation needed]}, he is described as an unfortunate pioneer of space travel who was burnt to death because of the explosion caused by the rockets, instead of becoming the first astronaut in history.^{[citation needed]}
In the BioWare game Jade Empire, the player can read about a character named "Cao Shong" who straps rockets to a chair in an effort to fly. The chair explodes, killing him.^{[citation needed]}
In the SCP Foundation mythos, SCP-1445 is the chair that Wan Hu used. In the 2000s, the 500-year-old chair, which still held Wan's frozen corpse, was recovered from low Earth orbit. The chair is made of Dalbergia odorifera wood, holds 22 rockets rather than 47, and is resistant to atmospheric drag but not micrometeoroid impacts. Wan was dressed in a Ming Dynasty-era hanfu and wushamao. An autopsy revealed that he had died from asphyxiation after the chair suddenly decelerated upon reaching low Earth orbit.^[13]
In the Tokyo DisneySea attraction Soaring: Fantastic Flight a painting of the story of Wan Hu can be seen in the rotunda of the Museum of Fantastic Flight queue area alongside other paintings of legendary attempts at human flight.

In the French audiobook "Les Enfants de Merde" a chair with ceiling fans attached to the back called a "Uang Who" is a reference to the mythical account.
In Kung Fu Panda (film), the main character Po straps himself to a chair with fireworks attached and launches himself into the sky in order to attend the Dragon Warrior reveal ceremony.

References[edit]

^ Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's who on the moon : a biographical dictionary of lunar nomenclature. Internet Archive. Greensboro : Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780936389271/page/426/mode/2up?view=theater
^ 郭銳 (2020). 種子的奇幻之旅：航天育種簡史 (in Chinese). p. 41. 六百多年前，中国明朝有一位被封为万户的功臣--陶成道，这是一位不爱官位、偏爱科学的探索者。在他晚年时，曾把四十七个自制的火箭绑在椅子上，自己坐在上面，双手又各举一个大风筝，然后叫仆人点燃火箭，试图利用火箭的推力实现"上天"的愿望。
^ SAM GENG (2021). 宇宙种子之种子计划 (in Chinese). p. 29. 据记载，万户是明朝初年人，原名为陶成道，是一位木匠。他喜爱钻研，尤其是对技术发明方面特别痴迷，所以从军后改进过不少当时军队所用的刀枪车船。万户对军队武器的改造对明朝有军队的战斗力提升有很大帮助...为了实现自己的意愿，同时也是为了实现将军班背的遗愿，万户开始潜心研究将军遗留下来的《火箭书》，并用自己的知识给予完善。他仔细阅读研究了班背的《火箭书》后，造出了各种各样的火箭。
^ 舒錫莉 (2020). 免死背！圖解物理強棒教室 (in Chinese). p. 18. 万户，本名陶成道，字东宁伯，明朝士大夫，元末出生于婺州（今浙江金华），明洪武二十三年（西元1390年）去世。主要著作：《火器神技艺》。主要成就：历史上首位尝试用火箭升天的人。
^ 宋学军 (2013). 军用飞机的魅力 (in Chinese). 北京燕山出版社. p. 5. ISBN 9787540229863.
^ Watkins, John Elfreth (1909-10-02). The Modern Icarus. Scientific American, Vol 101 No 13, 2 October 1909, p 243. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/scientific-american-1909-10-02.
^ Watkins, J (2 October 1909). "The Modern Icarus". Scientific American. 101 (14): 243–245. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican10021909-243.
^ "Chinese Inventions". Asia Society. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
^ Amazon.com: Rockets and jets,: Herbert Spencer Zim: Books. Harcourt, Brace and Company. January 1945.
^ Pendray, George (1945). The Coming Age of Rocket Power. Harper & Brothers. p. 77.
^ Williamson, Mark (2006). Spacecraft Technology: The Early Years. IET. ISBN 9780863415531.
^ "古代的飞天梦与飞天探索". Retrieved 27 January 2024. 中国学者根据多年的文献检索、研究与分析认为：第一，外国人且是来自美、德、苏、法等不同国家的人，不可能凭空编造一个中国古人飞天的故事，他们可能根据欧洲传教士在明清之际来华时听到这个事件，然后口口相传得知；第二，上述欧美学者也可能间接依据中国一本已经失传的古代文献中的记载，把这个故事写进书中的。毕竟，中国古代除正史外，还有大量的笔记、杂记、杂说、小说等文献存世，其中某一文献的作者可能亲历了此事，并将它记录了下来，但后来因种种原因失传了。
^ "SCP-1445". SCP Foundation. Retrieved 4 May 2021.

External links[edit]

[1] Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's who on the moon : a biographical dictionary of lunar nomenclature. Internet Archive. Greensboro : Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780936389271/page/426/mode/2up?view=theater

[2] 郭銳 (2020). 種子的奇幻之旅：航天育種簡史 (in Chinese). p. 41. 六百多年前，中国明朝有一位被封为万户的功臣--陶成道，这是一位不爱官位、偏爱科学的探索者。在他晚年时，曾把四十七个自制的火箭绑在椅子上，自己坐在上面，双手又各举一个大风筝，然后叫仆人点燃火箭，试图利用火箭的推力实现"上天"的愿望。

[3] SAM GENG (2021). 宇宙种子之种子计划 (in Chinese). p. 29. 据记载，万户是明朝初年人，原名为陶成道，是一位木匠。他喜爱钻研，尤其是对技术发明方面特别痴迷，所以从军后改进过不少当时军队所用的刀枪车船。万户对军队武器的改造对明朝有军队的战斗力提升有很大帮助...为了实现自己的意愿，同时也是为了实现将军班背的遗愿，万户开始潜心研究将军遗留下来的《火箭书》，并用自己的知识给予完善。他仔细阅读研究了班背的《火箭书》后，造出了各种各样的火箭。

[4] 舒錫莉 (2020). 免死背！圖解物理強棒教室 (in Chinese). p. 18. 万户，本名陶成道，字东宁伯，明朝士大夫，元末出生于婺州（今浙江金华），明洪武二十三年（西元1390年）去世。主要著作：《火器神技艺》。主要成就：历史上首位尝试用火箭升天的人。

[5] 宋学军 (2013). 军用飞机的魅力 (in Chinese). 北京燕山出版社. p. 5. ISBN 9787540229863.

[watkins-6] Watkins, John Elfreth (1909-10-02). The Modern Icarus. Scientific American, Vol 101 No 13, 2 October 1909, p 243. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/scientific-american-1909-10-02.

[7] Watkins, J (2 October 1909). "The Modern Icarus". Scientific American. 101 (14): 243–245. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican10021909-243.

[8] "Chinese Inventions". Asia Society. Retrieved 10 January 2023.

[9] Amazon.com: Rockets and jets,: Herbert Spencer Zim: Books. Harcourt, Brace and Company. January 1945.

[10] Pendray, George (1945). The Coming Age of Rocket Power. Harper & Brothers. p. 77.

[Williamson-11] Williamson, Mark (2006). Spacecraft Technology: The Early Years. IET. ISBN 9780863415531.

[12] "古代的飞天梦与飞天探索". Retrieved 27 January 2024. 中国学者根据多年的文献检索、研究与分析认为：第一，外国人且是来自美、德、苏、法等不同国家的人，不可能凭空编造一个中国古人飞天的故事，他们可能根据欧洲传教士在明清之际来华时听到这个事件，然后口口相传得知；第二，上述欧美学者也可能间接依据中国一本已经失传的古代文献中的记载，把这个故事写进书中的。毕竟，中国古代除正史外，还有大量的笔记、杂记、杂说、小说等文献存世，其中某一文献的作者可能亲历了此事，并将它记录了下来，但后来因种种原因失传了。

[13] "SCP-1445". SCP Foundation. Retrieved 4 May 2021.

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